⚖️ Citation Practice: Signals ⚖️
Instructions: Choose the correct signal for each citation scenario. Signals indicate the relationship between your proposition and the cited authority.
Review Your Answers
Instructions: Type the correct signal for each scenario. Use the formatting buttons to italicize signals when needed. (Leave blank for [no signal].)
7. Your proposition: "Courts must have personal jurisdiction over a defendant to render a valid judgment."
The case you're citing says: "A court may not render a judgment against a defendant unless the court has personal jurisdiction over that defendant."
What signal (if any) should you use?
8. Your proposition: "The exclusionary rule applies to evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment."
You want to cite several Supreme Court cases that demonstrate this principle. You're selecting representative examples from many cases.
What signal should you use?
9. Your proposition: "Employers cannot discriminate based on race."
The statute you're citing states: "Discrimination based on gender is prohibited in employment."
What signal should you use to show this supports your proposition by analogy?
10. Your proposition: "Arbitration clauses in employment contracts are generally enforceable."
The case you're citing holds: "Arbitration clauses in employment contracts are unenforceable as against public policy."
What signal should you use?
Level 1 Complete
You're mastering Bluebook signals!
Signals: Mastered!
✨ You've Completed Both Levels! ✨
You can be a great legal writer.